small UPS usually have a battery inside, which they charge when there is electricity in normal mode. . At the time of power cut or voltage drop and when the voltage drops below a certain value; UPS automatically changes the power supply unit from city electricity to the battery inside; This work is done in approximately one or 2 milliseconds; Therefore, the computer does not notice the discontinuity of the electric current and thus continues to work.

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UPS internal components:

1) Inverter: Most consumers are fed from municipal electricity. When the power grid is interrupted, it is necessary to convert the electric power stored in the battery into alternating current and be consumed; This work in UPS is done by a part called inverter.

2) battery and battery charger: after using the electric power of the battery during a power cut, battery storage It needs to be charged again. The battery is recharged using the UPS charging circuit when the power grid is reconnected. UPS battery types are sealed acid and nickel cadmium.

UPS are mostly classified in three categories in terms of internal functionality:

1. It has a passive or offline

watch function

2. Having two-way or online

conversion

3. in the form of interaction with the line or the same line interactive

Industrial automation or robotizing (Industrial Automation) means using control tools (for example computer) strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> strong> s trong > s trong > s trong Process Automation Essays refer to the use of control systems (for example, numerical control, programmable logic c) control, and other mechanical and electronic industrial control systems with the help of computers to monitor the production line. Its purpose is to reduce the need for human intervention.

Automation literally means “control and guidance of a device automatically”. In today’s industry, the goal of control is to reach the full meaning of the word automation, but for various reasons, this goal is not possible, and in most cases, there is a semi-automatic system. which part of control is done by operator and part of it is done by embedded control system.

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One of the most important pillars of industrial production is automation, which until its inception was made up of various devices for control. They used production lines, each of which operated separately, and there were many limitations and problems in them. The purpose of automation and the use of robots is to increase the efficiency of industrial and production equipment. Coordination and compatibility between devices and robots and creating a network in a production system is the result of using automation technology.

The industrial automation system is responsible for more the control of the production process, which is set by the relevant experts and consists of:

1. Exchange of information between different parts of production
2. Establishing control strategies in the factory
3. Creating an intermediary between the user and the controlled set

Production processes of automation systems

The industrial automation system has two production processes, which are:

1. continuous processes (divergent) such as refining, petrochemical, chemical, food and…
2. Discrete processes (convergent) such as automobiles, electronics, household appliances, etc.

The production process according to the desired product type is divided into three parts: production, packaging and distribution, the most important part of the manufacturing process is production. is. Moving and cutting robots, from measuring the quality of raw materials, performing initial manufacturing operations on them to final product processing and final product control tests, this fixed foot There are parts in most production lines; But since all products and products need packaging at the end of the production process and factors such as ease of transportation, shelf life, health issues, etc. affect product quality and sales distribution; It requires the supervision of human power. When the products are placed in the cargo until supplying the product in the stores, the distribution department takes place. At this stage, the use of special loading robots and intelligent transportation lines is one of the most important achievements of automation in the distribution sector.

The industrial automation system has an important role even in the management levels of production. This work is done by human machine interfaces (HMI); Because in addition to system control, it is easier to collect, coordinate, and display information at various management levels. It is possible to easily control the system remotely through HMI.

Control components in an industrial automation system

Automation (automation) is made of three basic parts, which are:

1. Gauges
2. Controller
3. Incentives

1)Gauges: In fact, gauges are considered as eyes of control systems and By quantification the values ​​of the controlling process are made aware of the existing situation in the process; Therefore, the controller sends the required command to the actuator in order to control the process and reach the desired setting point. Each measuring device includes three components basic sensor, transducer and transmitter.